SURVEY AVAILABLE

Beth Macauley, faculty member in the Department of Communication Disorders at the University of Tulsa (TU), Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA has initiated a research study on blocking in brass players with Martin Cochran (euphonium) and Skip Snead (horn). While at the University of Alabama, she presented on this topic at an international Horn conference in Tuscaloosa, Alabama last June. Because initial results with horn players were intriguing, they are expanding to include all brass musicians. Beth needs as many brass players as possible, from around the globe, to complete an online survey about the blocking behavior. The study has been approved by the University of Tulsa Institutional Review Board, is anonymous, and takes around 15–20 minutes to complete. ITEA members are encouraged to complete the survey and invite all of your brass members, students, and friends to do so as well. Thank you very much!

The survey link is http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.asp?u=77001532209. The password is tulsa. If you have any questions or concerns, please give Beth an email: Beth Macauley, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, HPCS, Assistant Professor, beth-macauley@utulsa.edu.

UPCOMING EVENTS!

Opportunities for euphonium and low brass at Interlochen

Founded in 1928, Interlochen is the first and foremost camp of its kind. Each year it offers challenging programs to more than 2,100 artists and musicians from around the world.

In 2006, Interlochen was awarded the National Medal of Arts, the nation's highest honor in the arts. For 2007, Interlochen Summer Arts Camp will welcome noted euphonium specialist, Jason Ham. A member of the United States Military Academy Band, Jason is one of the country's most prominent soloists. He will teach for the first three weeks of the six-week camp that runs from June 23 to August 6.

Interested students are encouraged to apply as soon as possible while financial aid and openings in the ensembles are still available. Learn more or apply online at www.interlochen.org. For additional information or to request a paper application, students can call the Office of Admission and Financial Aid at 800.681.5912 or e-mail admission@interlochen.org. Visit http://www.jasondham.com also for information on Jason Ham.

NEW PUBLICATIONS

The Euphonium Source Book has arrived!
Indiana University Press is pleased to announce the recent publication of:

Guide To The Euphonium Repertoire: The Euphonium Source Book, compiled and edited by Lloyd E. Bone, Jr. and Eric Paull under the supervision of R. Winston Morris. (Indiana Repertoire Guides, 608 pages, 16 photos, ISBN 978-0-253-34811-1, cloth $75)

Guide to the Euphonium Repertoire is the most definitive publication on the status of the euphonium in the history of this often misunderstood and frequently under-appreciated instrument. This volume documents the rich history, the wealth of repertoire, and the incredible discography of the euphonium. Music educators, composers/arrangers, instrument historians, performers on other instruments, and students of the euphonium (baritone horn, tenor tuba, etc.) will find the exhaustive research evident in this volume's pages to be compelling and comprehensive. For additional information, visit the IU Press website: www.iupress.indiana.edu.

Velvet Brown's New CD Perspectives: Sound & Rhythm

Crystal Records has recently released Velvet Brown's latest CD, a more than welcomed showcase of 21st century pieces for tuba and percussion ensemble. The project is the continuation of Velvet's interest in expanding the tuba repertoire with pieces that develop the technical and lyrical qualities of the instruments.

The CD, an international production, features: Concerto for Tuba and Percussion (2003) by the American James Beckel, a piece that the Percussion Plus Project commissioned to be premiered by Velvet Brown; Latin Jazz Suite (2003) by the American Alice Gomez, a very rhythmic five-movement piece originally written for trumpet and two conga drums and later transcribed for tuba; Digression V (2004) by the Austrian Franz Cibulka, a three-movement composition for tuba solo and three percussionists written for and dedicated to Velvet Brown. It was premiered at the ITEC in Budapest, Hungary; Highlife (2003), another piece by Alice Gomez that was commissioned and premiered by Velvet, it was conceived as a closing piece for concert performances with tuba and percussion; and Dance Movements (2005) by the Hungarian and also notable tuba player Roland Szentpáli, a piece for tuba and rhythmic session (percussion, bass, and electric guitar) commissioned by Velvet and featuring a blend of Eastern European ethnic flavors, classic rock fusion, and improvised sections.

The compositions included in this recording portray everything a tuba player of our time should be able to display: technical mastery, lyricism, a sound that can be powerful and delicate, clarity of articulation, a variety of genres and trends, and most of all fun in performance. The percussionists Jimmy Finnie, Roger Schupp, Laszlo Toth, and Rick Willis, and Chris Buzzelli at the electric and bass guitars accompanied Velvet in this wonderful venture.

The CD is definitely a “must” for everyone interested in the new frontiers of tuba playing!

Velvet Brown is currently Professor of Tuba at The Pennsylvania State University and is a tubist with the Monarch Brass, Monarch Brass Quintet, and Junction Tuba-Euphonium Quartet. For more information concerning Velvet Brown's new CD, go to www.crystalrecords.com

New Recording by Tom Heasley

Heasley's latest recording project is a duo with LA-based drummer Toss Panos, whose credits include Sting, Andy Summers Trio, Sheryl Crow, Michael Landau Group, and many others. This was a collaborative effort completely improvised in the studio, neither artist having met or played together before. The CD is currently being mixed and will then be released on Heasley's own new label, Full Bleed Recordings. Following this release, Heasley will resume work on his next solo album of original music. Also to be recorded is Tuba Mirrors —a piece for tuba and electronics that he commissioned from composer Daniel Lentz. Lentz's work can be viewed at www.DanielLentz.com.

Heasley is listed again in the 2007 edition of Who's Who in America and was once again awarded the ASCAP Award for 2007. Heasley will perform a solo concert in Altadena, California on May 6 at the Folly Bowl. Heasley will return to the California Institute of the Arts to teach at the California Summer School for the Arts. In addition to his personal web site (open for business while undergoing a complete make-over) at www.tomheasley.com, Tom can also be found on the web at www.myspace.com/heasley or www.myspace.com/heasleypanosduo. Heasley's original music for electric tuba continues to be heard around the world on radio, web radio and pod casts, including the long-running NPR-syndicated show Hearts of Space , as well as in films, videos and dance programs. Heasley's music was recently added to the XM Satellite Channel 77 program, Night Visions.

New Euphonium Solo Commission

UK Willson Euphonium artist Charley Brighton, has commissioned composer Terry Treherne to arrange Low How A Rose Blooming especially for Tommy Yandle and the new Carver Community Band in Virginia, USA.

Charley writes, “Tommy and I became very good friends over the Internet and have actually done lessons via the computer with mp3s and live pc-pc chat. Tommy is playing euphonium once again after a long break since high school activities and is working hard to improve his standard of playing. I knew Tommy was capable of playing good melodies with a nice sound so I asked my composer friend Terry Treherne to arrange the carol especially for Tommy. He's done a fine job too, and produced an excellent arrangement.”

The solo was premiered on February 26th with the Carver Community Band in Virginia. For more information, follow the following links: Charley Brighton www.euph9.freeserve.co.uk, Terry Treherne http://www.euph9.freeserve.co.uk/terry.htm , Carver Community Band http://www.carvercougarband.org/communityband.html.

CONFERENCES AND CLINICS

Alan Baer Masterclass Announced!

Meinl Weston will be organizing a workshop/masterclass event at the TUBADOME of Elkhart, Indiana featuring New York Philharmonic tubist Alan Baer on September 22–23. Please visit www.tubadome.com for additional information.

2007 Northeast Tuba Euphonium Workshop

Mike Milnarik

The 2007 Northeast Tuba Euphonium Workshop is scheduled for July 21–29, 2007 at Salem State College, Salem, Massachusetts. Artists appearing at the event are tubist Mike Milnarik, Director (Boston, USA), and euphoniumist Roland Froescher (Berne, Switzerland). For additional information, visit www.netew.com.

Roland Froescher

2007 Great Plains Regional Tuba-Euphonium Conference

The 2007 Great Plains Conference (Missouri Western State University March 1–4, 2007, Lee Harrelson, Host) was a low-key, fun, and frigid hang for a small bunch of Plainsians and Arkansans. Getting back and forth to our cars was an adventure. A tremendous wind blew up and stayed up through the weekend, threatening to blow off our car doors as we tried to load gear. My memories of this conference will always be colored by the swirling flurries and loathsome gusts.

Ben Pierce in a masterclass

Indoors, it was warmer and there was plenty of music making. The Twisted Steel Tuba Quartet kicked off the conference with a program that included James Gourlay's recent composition, Eagle Thunders, inspired by motorcycling. Roger Oyster, principal trombonist of the Kansas City Symphony, presented a clinic and was then featured in a recital along with Angelo Manzo of the University of Missouri at Columbia.

Friday morning began with a competition open to all collegiate tuba and euphonium players. Fifteen players competed, with four finalists chosen. The final round the next day produced four winners. First place went to Lisa Hocking from the University of Arkansas. Second Place went to Marcus Wiggins of UMKC. Third place went to Sean O'Quinn from the University of Kansas, and honorable mention was awarded to Joseph Felton of UMKC.

Tom Stein and Ben Pierce

Tuba-Euphonium Ensemble performances included groups from Missouri Western State University (Lee Harrelson), The University of Arkansas (Benjamin Pierce), The University of Kansas (Scott Watson), and Kansas State (Steven Maxwell). The “All Star” Ensemble was composed of university faculty and a few recent graduates of our schools and conducted by Scott Watson. This ensemble's performance closed the conference on Sunday morning and included two fantastic new compositions thanks to R. Winston Morris's recent Carnegie Hall effort with his Tennessee Tech Alumni Ensemble; as yet unpublished, Eric Ewazen's Basso Cantante was performed, as well as a hauntingly effective work by Martin Ellerby entitled Epitaph VI: Phoenix Rising (Coventry/Dresden).       

Additional clinics were presented by Tom Stein, Steven Maxwell, Nate Gay and Jamey Mitchell, Benjamin Pierce, and Bob Long. Additional recital performances included Steven Maxwell and Jamey Mitchell. Also featured were two “Student Select Recitals,” which highlighted the outstanding collegiate-level performers from our region.

Tom Stein, Lee Harrelson, and Scott Watson performed on Friday night accompanied by the Western Missouri Symphonic Winds. Performed were Gregson's Tuba Concerto, Ewazen's Concerto for Euphonium, and Strauss's Horn Concerto No. 1, respectively.

The highlight of the conference was a performance by Kansas City's Fountain City Brass Band, conducted by Joe Parisi and organized and run by Lee Harrelson. This all-volunteer group's performance was spectacular—musically and technically impressive. The venue, the Missouri Theatre in downtown St. Joseph, is beautiful and its ambience added to the fantastic evening. It was a privilege for me to perform Cosma's Euphonium Concerto with the FCBB.~ submitted by Benjamin Pierce

Jens Bjørn Larsen to appear in Markneukirchen

Jens Bjørn Larsen

In preparation for the 2008 Internationaler Musikwettbewerb Markneukirchen, the competition will be hosting a masterclass with tubist Jens Bjørn Larsen from October 15–19, 2007 in Markneukirchen, Germany. Please visit http://www.ja-musik.com for additional information.

International Euphonium Institute 2007

David Childs

This year will mark the expansion of inviting two international guests: David Childs from the U.K., and Markus Theinert from Germany, to add to the fantastic artists from the U.S. including Dr. Brian Bowman, Adam Frey, Dr. Thomas Gibson, David Werden, Kevin Wass, Martin Cochran, and Jamie Lipton. Our pianists will see the return of Mrs. Caryl Conger and Magdelena Shumanova. Musical guests will include the Army Ground Forces Band and the Piedmont Trombone Society (and funk trombone quintet, very cool).

Markus Theinert


Once again, participants will have the opportunity to study privately, perform in master classes, experience a euphonium ensemble more than 50 strong, chamber music, social time, and of course chat and eat meals with students and teachers from all over the world! Also, participants will get to experience world premieres by composers Roland Szentpáli, James Stephenson, Richard Prior, Tim Jansa, and others.

Sending in your application early will help to ensure your teacher selections as well as consideration for available talent scholarships. Please visit www.euphonium.com for the IEI Homepage including sample schedules, details, and applications. Thank you to our confirmed Sponsors for IEI 2007 and we hope you will visit them: Miraphone, Sterling, Willson, Woodwind and Brasswind, Yamaha, Meinl Weston, and BVD Press.

5th Ionian Summer Music Academy

This year's guests are the internationally acknowledged soloists and professors Reinhold   Friedrich, Greg Jones , Frits Damrow (trumpet), Hector McDonald (horn), Michel Becquet, Christian Lindberg, Ben van Dijk , Jörgen van Rijen (trombone),   Jens Bjørn-Larsen, Hendrik Jan Renes (tuba), Dimitris Dessylas (timpani), Spyros Mourikis (clarinet), Yorgos Farounghias (bassoon), Thomas Indermühle, and Spyros Kontos (oboe).

The Academy is under the artistic direction of the Melos Brass and will also include the following artists from the Melos Brass: Sokratis Anthis: trumpet, Panayotis Kessaris: trumpet, Antonis Lagos: french horn, Spyros Farounghias: trombone, and Yorgos Rarakos: tuba and euphonium

For additional information, please visit http://www.melosbrass.gr.

INDUSTRY NEWS

Meinl-Weston Appoints Three U.S. Tuba Dealers

(L–R) Gerhard A. Meinl, David Fedderly, and Roger Lewis]

Starting January 1, 2007, you will find your professional Meinl-Weston tubas (CC, F, and E-flat) at twodealerships that qualified for handling our high-end product line.

The retail operation Baltimore Brass will continue their service to the tuba world by offering Meinl Weston products. In addition they are now joined by the Tubadome of Elkhart, Indiana staffed with Roger Lewis, the former tuba specialist of The Woodwind and the Brasswind.

Meinl-Weston is dedicated to offering the tuba world the best instruments together with specialized dealer service support through this limited group of two qualified pro-shops. Above all, all dealers offer qualified tuba-staff, instrument repair and testing opportunities of a representative choice of the full line of Meinl-Weston tubas and euphoniums.

Please watch for announcements on the availability of the exciting new products as for example the “Thor” and “Baer” CC-tubas, the BB-flat-tuba series 2011 “Howard Johnson Heritage” and many more innovations soon to follow.

For more information visit: www.baltimorebrass.net and www.tubadome.com.

Rupert Hörbst Books now available in U.S.

Steven Mead and Rupert Hörbst

Following the success of his book Brassival , brass cartoonist and trombonist Rupert Hörbst has received many requests from other instrumentalists (those non-brass players) for a further book of caricatures. So it was only a matter of time before this volume, Woodstocks came into fruition. As with the brass volume, Rupert Hörbst has tried to capture the essence of people‘s characters, both the small and large aspects, sometimes using just the tiniest detail. Again his experience as a musician proved extremely useful. By observing at rehearsals, concerts, and the socializing after concerts he could select from an abundance of impressions and use these in his book. To view examples of his work, please visit his website at www.hoerbst.net, or email the artist at rupert@hoerbst.net. The books can be purchase in the U.S. through Hal Leonard (www.halleonard.com) or in Europe at http://www.dehaske.com.

2007 Co-op Press Chamber Music Competition

November 1, 2007 is the deadline for receipt of entries in the Co-op Press Competition for chamber music performers for their artistic interpretation of the music of composer, Sy Brandon as exemplified in a digital recording of one of the selected competition pieces. A panel of judges will award prizes of $700 and   $300 to the first and second place winners respectively. A release of the recording on an Emeritus Recordings CD is included with the cash prizes. The works for this competition that involve tuba are Three Amusement Park Pieces for tuba and percussion, and Scenes from A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court for brass quintet. For more information visit http://cooppress.hostrack.net/ or write Co-op Press P.O. Box 204 Wrightsville, PA 17368.

CMSgt Dave Porter Retires

(L–R) Jan Duga, David Porter, and Brian Sands

Chief Master Sergeant David Porter has retired from The United States Air Force Band, Washington, D.C. after 24 years of honorable service. He came in under Colonel Arnald D. Gabriel and concluded his career with Colonel Dennis M. Layendecker. Chief Porter performed in 49 states and seven countries with the Concert Band, Ceremonial Brass, Symphony Orchestra, the Tuba/Euphonium Quartet, Tower Brass Quintet, and the Dixieland Band. He also appeared with The Men's Chorus and musical stage productions in various other talents such as singing, acting, and dancing. Chief Porter's administrative jobs included Stage Manager, Non-Commissioned Officer-in-Charge (NCOIC) of Recording Production, Manager of the Concert Band, NCOIC of Strategic Mission Operations of the National Capital Region, and Manager of three small deployment/protocol groups—Max Impact (rock group), Silver Wings (country group), and Diplomats (jazz/protocol group).

As a civilian, Dave has actively worked with youth and has been blessed to be hired by Fairlington United Methodist Church, Alexandria, Va. as Director of Youth and Youth Music. His tuba activities will continue as Principal Tuba with The McLean Orchestra, Conductor of Sylvia Alimena, tubist with the Camerata Brass Quintet, and faculty with The Master Works Festival. Additionally, Dave will continue teaching 16–20 elementary, junior and senior high school tuba students and writing the ITEA Journal Pedagogy Section's “Tips for Tuba” column. He will still reside in Springfield, Va. with his wife Judy and maintain being a father to his two college age children. We look forward to hearing more from Dave in his tuba articles, his students, and at ITEC conferences.

2007 Vestby Tuba & Euphonium Workshop

Tormod Flaten

Øystein Baadsvik

Lars Andreas Haug

Come experience the magic of tuba and euphonium June 15–June 17, 2007 in Vestby (close to Oslo), Norway. Guest artists are Øystein Baadsvik (tuba), Tormod Flaten (euphonium), and Lars Andreas Haug (jazz tuba). The website is in Norwegian (www.tubaeuph-vestby.no). Contact morte-bo@online.no for information in English.

Don Butterfield Tribute

On Saturday, October 28, 2006 a wonderful recital tribute to Don Butterfield took place at Montclair State University under the direction of tubist Kyle Turner. The entire program included music and arrangements by Don Butterfield. The program can be seen in this issue's cover article, “ Tributes for Two New York Tuba Legends .”

Rex Martin Performs In Italy, Spain, and Beyond!

Rex Martin

In December Rex Martin, tuba professor at the University of Northwestern, gave master classes in Milan, Italy, Castagneto, Carducci, Italy, and Venice, Italy. He then gave a week of master classes in Pontevedra, Spain for the Tuba Association of Galicia.

In March, Mr. Martin will perform Joseph Horowitz's Concerto for Tuba and Band in Kalamazoo at the ITEA Midwest Regional Tuba Euphonium Conference and later in the month he will perform the Horowitz Concerto in Amsterdam, Holland, and give a week of master classes at the Amsterdam Conservatory.

On May 27, Mr. Martin will perform with his Northwestern University colleagues at a memorial service for the much loved, dear departed former colleague Vincent Cichowicz. Mr. Cichowicz was a dear friend and was the trumpet professor at Northwestern and played trumpet for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for many years.

During the summer Mr. Martin will be on the faculty of Ticino Musica, in Lugano, Switzerland and will be performing solo recitals and giving master classes in Osaka and Tokyo, Japan.

From September 27–30, he will be performing a recital, a world premiere tuba concerto with orchestra, and will give master classes in Tromsoe, Norway.

Euphonium Jazz!

Marc Dickman

Dr. Marc Dickman, jazz euphonium soloist and Professor of Music at the University of North Florida will be a featured artist and clinician at the annual Troy University Brass Symposium in Troy, Alabama on March 2–3, 2007. All concerts
and clinics are open to the public. Visit www.soundofthesouth.org for additional information.

The Marc Dickman Jazz Quintet performed at the Jekyll Island Bella Sera Jazz weekend on March 17, 2007. The performance is at the historic Jekyll Island Club Hotel on Jekyll Island, Georgia (www.jekyllclub.com). They also performed at the Jacksonville Jazz Festival on April 15, 2007.

The BCO Evokes Childhood and Music with Tubists Mike Roylance and Eli Newberger
 
Two of the world's fine tuba players—the Boston Symphony's Mike Roylance and New Black Eagle Jazz Band founder/pediatrician Eli Newberger—joined Steven Lipsitt and the Boston Classical Orchestra, Friday, March 16 and Sunday, March 18 in Faneuil Hall.
 
The BCO performed a delightful mix of music about (and by) children. Two generations of Mozarts were represented by Wolfgang's youthful Eine kleine Nachtmusik and father Leopold's Toy Symphony . Two generations of tuba players joined forces to play the world premiere of Howard Frazin's Theme and Reverberations , a neo-Classical work that musically traces childhood development and the resilience of personality. Debussy's Children's Corner Suite —calling up the nursery and the playroom—closed the program.

Mary Ann Nichols and Howard Frazin gave the pre-concert lecture one hour before each concert. Howard Frazin, Mike Roylance, and Eli Newberger, along with Steven Lipsitt, participated in a post-concert discussion of the new music.
 
Of this inventive program Music Director Lipsitt says: “The expert strings of the BCO are excited about taking a fresh look at something as familiar and delightful as Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, and pairing this masterful favorite with Howard Frazin's melodious and witty new work for two tubas (!) makes this program a special treat. We could have no better guides through Howie's concertino-style work than Mike Roylance and Eli Newberger.”
 

Texas comes to Folkestone, United Kingdom

The beautiful 13th-century church of St. Eanswythe in Folkestone, on the Kent coast of the United Kingdom, was the setting for the premiere of the new wind band arrangement of the Concerto for Euphonium by Kenneth D. Friedrich.

Ken and his wife flew over from Texas for the premier of the third movement, a marathon work, in its sparkling new setting for wind band, performed by Willson artist Charley Brighton and the Christ Church Canterbury University Wind Orchestra, conducted by Professor Sonia Blandford. “Luckily, the weather was good, as normally this is not the place to be in the middle of winter!” writes Charley.

The original euphonium and piano version had been previously premiered by Charley with Malcolm Stowell at St. Mary's Slough. Ken is the second composer to be enticed to the U.K. by Charley. Joe Miserendino from Pennsylvania visited in May 2006 for the premiere of his Willson Concertante with the City of London Winds. A live recording can be heard at http://www.acidplanet.com/artist.asp?PID=942462&t=5978.

Euphonium Premieres and Vintage Tubas and Euphoniums  

Charley Brighton (sponsored by Wilson Band Instruments of Switzerland) and pianist Malcolm Stowell premiered several works for the euphonium on February 17, 2007 in St. Mary's Parish Church in Slough Berkshire, U.K. The premieres included Diversions by Edward Messerschmidt. Edward is from Woodbridge, Virginia and originally composed the piece for euphonium and marimba and writes, “The piece has now been performed twice. Both times Joseph Bello of the U.S. Air Force Ceremonial Brass played the euphonium part. The second performance was with my father, retired percussion group leader of the U.S. Army Band (Pershing's Own), playing the marimba.”

Charley Brighton will perform the new version for euphonium and piano. The recital also included other premieres such as Theme & Variations by Michael Iles and The Impossible Dream by Mitch Leigh (especially arranged for this recital by Terry Treherne from his wind band score). For more information about these premieres go to www.euph9.freeserve.co.uk.

Charley Brighton also collects vintage tubas and euphoniums. His latest addition is a 1912 Hawkes Cavalry Tuba awaiting restoration. Some photos of this tuba and other vintage tuba and euphoniums can be found at  
http://s91.photobucket.com/albums/k309/highams/Vintage%20Euphoniums/.

Tennessee Tech University 40th Anniversary All-Star Alumni Tuba Ensemble Performs United States Army Band Conference and Carnegie Hall

The Tennessee Tech University 40th Anniversary All-Star Alumni Tuba Ensemble, under the direction of R. Winston Morris, performed at the United States Army Band Tuba and Euphonium Conference on January 27th and at Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall on January 28. The performance included nine majors works specifically composed for the ensemble. Most of the works were composed by some of the finest composers in the world. The composers include: David Baker, John Cheetham, Gregory Danner, Martin Ellerby, Eric Ewazen, Aldo Rafael Forte, Adam Gorb, Tony Plog and Gunther Schuller. Please see the article-review by David Chamberlain in this issue of the Journal.

INTERNET PICK OF THE QUARTER

Saxhornia!

Members of Saxhornia. Backrow (L–R) Jean-Luc Petitprez, pianist Claude Collet, Philippe Fritsch, and frontfrow (L–R) Sébastien Stein and David Maillo

Never forget the saxhorn! At least, this should be an underlying motto for all musicians.

The saxhorn is one of the most versatile low brass instruments and remains one of the most “forgotten,” especially in North America. Saxhornia comprises four of France's most accomplished players on the instrument. To learn more, please visit http://saxhornia.com/ and also the website of the Association of Saxhorn, Euphonium, and Tuba at http://saxhorneuphonium.free.fr.

©2007 International Tuba Euphonium Association. All Rights Reserved.